Glossary
Embedded value (EV) principles
is a methodology using a “bottom-up” market consistent approach, which explicitly allows for market risk. In particular, asset and liability cash flows are valued using risk discount rates consistent with those applied to similar cash flows in the capital markets. A liquidity premium which increases risk discount rates has been applied to certain lines of business consistent with the CFO Forum principles. Options and guarantees are valued using market consistent models calibrated to observable market prices.
Expense ratio
is a performance measure that indicates the level of technical expenses during the period relative to earned premiums and policy fees. It is calculated as the sum of net technical expenses and policyholder dividends and participation in profits, divided by earned premiums and policy fees.